Bakeng sa lik'hamphani tsa indasteri tse sebelisang tora ea ho futhumatsa bakeng sa setsi sa eona, mofuta o mong oa sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi ea tora hangata oa hlokahala ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e sebetsang le bophelo ba ts'ebeletso ea lisebelisoa tse telele. Haeba metsi a tora ea ho futhumatsa a tloheloa a sa alafshoa, kholo ea manyolo, ho silafatsa, ho nyoloha le ts'enyeho ho ka fokotsa tlhahiso ea semela, ea baka nako ea phomolo ea semela, mme ea hloka lisebelisoa tse theko e tlase tseleng.

Sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi a tora e pholileng ke tokisetso ea mahlale a marang-rang a tlosang litšila tse senyang metsing a hau a pholileng a metsi a phallang, metsi a potolohang, le / kapa ho phatloha. Tlhophiso e khethehileng ea sistimi ea hau e tla ipapisa le lintho tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa:

•mofuta oa tora e pholileng (e bulehileng e potoloha, hang-hang, kapa e koetsoeng)
•boleng ba metsi a fepa
•Litlhokahalo tsa boleng ba tlhahiso bakeng sa tora le lisebelisoa tse futhumatsang
•k'hemistri / litlolo tsa metsi a potang mali
•litlhokahalo tsa taolo ea ho tsoa
•Ho phatloha kapa che ho tla alafshoa hore ho sebelisoe hape tora e pholileng
•mofuta oa mocheso oa mocheso
•potoloho ea mahloriso

Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, likarolo tse nepahetseng tsa sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi ea tora e pholileng li ipapisitse le boleng ba metsi a phepelo le k'hemistri ea metsi a potolohang kamanong le boleng ba metsi a hlokahalang mohahong o khethehileng oa ho futhumatsa le lisebelisoa tse amanang (ho latela likhothaletso tsa moetsi), empa ka kakaretso, sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi ea tora ea mantlha e kenyelletsa mofuta oa:

•tlhakiso
•ho hloekisa le / kapa ho hloekisa ka bongata
•Phapanyetsano / ho nolofatsa
•fepa ka lik'hemik'hale
•boalosi itirisang tsa

Ho ipapisitse le litšila tse teng ka metsing, motswako ofe kapa ofe oa liphekolo tsena o ka lumellana hantle le setsi mme oa theha sistimi ea kalafo, ka hona ho bohlokoa ho buisana le setsebi sa kalafo ea metsi ho netefatsa hore ho nkuoa sistimi e nepahetseng bakeng sa tora e ikhethileng. Ho ipapisitse le litlhoko tsa tora e pholileng le ts'ebetso, likarolo tsena tse tloaelehileng hangata li lekane. Leha ho le joalo, haeba tora e hloka sistimi e fanang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng haholoanyane, ho kanna ha ba le likarolo tse ling kapa mahlale ao u tla hloka ho a eketsa.

Sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi a tora e pholileng e kanna ea etsoa ka mahlale a hlokahalang ho laola boemo ba:

•alkalinity: e tla laela bokhoni ba calcium carbonate scale
•chloride: e ka ba tse senyang tšepe; maemo a fapaneng a tla mamelloa ho ipapisitsoe le lisebelisoa tsa tora ea ho futhumatsa le lisebelisoa
•thatafala: e kenya letsoho ho hola mohahong o pholileng le ho phapanyetsano ea mocheso
•tšepe: ha tšepe e kopantsoe le phosphate, e ka silafatsa lisebelisoa
•manyolo: e khothalletsa kholo ea kokoana-hloko, e ka lebisang ho silafatseng, ts'enyeho le litaba tse ling tsa sistimi
•silika: e tsejoa ka ho baka likoloto tse boima hard 水垢
•li-sulfate: joalo ka li-chloride, li ka senya tšepe haholo
•lihlahisoa tse qhibilihileng ka botlalo (TDS): kenya letsoho ho nyoloha, ho fofa, le / kapa ts'enyeho
•lipalo tsohle tse tiisitsoeng ka thata (TSS): litšila tse sa qhalloang tse ka bakang boholo, lifilimi tsa bio, le / kapa ts'enyeho

Mekhoa e khethehileng ea kalafo e fapana ho latela litlhoko tsa tora e pholileng le boleng / chemistry ea phepelo le tsamaiso ea metsi, empa sistimi e tloaelehileng ea kalafo ea metsi a tora e tla kenyelletsa mehato e latelang:

Ho noa metsi a litlolo tse pholileng 

Metsi a litlolo, kapa metsi a nkang mali a tsoang le ho fetoha mouoane le a tsoang ho tora e pholileng, a qala ho huloa mohloling oa ona, e ka bang metsi a tala, metsi a toropo, metsi a litšila a tšoaroang ke toropo, metsi a litšila a ka har'a limela, metsi a hantle, kapa eng kapa eng mohloli o mong oa metsi a holim'a metsi.

Ho latela boleng ba metsi ana, o kanna oa hloka kapa oa hloka kalafo mona. Haeba sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi e hlokahala karolong ena ea ts'ebetso ea metsi a tora e pholileng, hangata ke theknoloji e tlosang thatafalo le silika kapa e tsitsisang le ho fetola PH.

Nakong ena ea ts'ebetso, kalafo e nepahetseng e ntlafatsa methati ea mouoane ea tora le ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ho tsoa ha metsi ho tsoa ho feta se ka etsoang ka lik'hemik'hale feela.

Karaoke set le marang-ho hloekisa

Mohato o latelang ka kakaretso ke ho tsamaisa metsi a tora ea ho futhumatsa ka mofuta o itseng oa ho sefa ho tlosa likaroloana life kapa life tse emisitsoeng joalo ka sediment, turbidity le mefuta e meng ea lintho tse phelang. Hangata ho bohlokoa ho etsa sena qalong ea ts'ebetso, kaha ho tlosoa ha lintho tse emisitsoeng tse emisitsoeng ka noka ho ka thusa ho sireletsa lera le li-resin tsa phapanyetsano ea ion hore li se ke tsa silafatsoa hamorao ts'ebetsong ea pejana. Ho ipapisitse le mofuta oa ho sefa o sebelisoang, likaroloana tse emisitsoeng li ka tlosoa ho tlasa micron e le 'ngoe.

Phapanyetsano / phokotso ya metsi

Haeba ho na le thatafalo e kholo metsing a mohloli / litlolo, ho ka ba le kalafo ea ho tlosa thatafalo. Sebakeng sa kalaka, ho ka sebelisoa lehoakhoa le nolofatsang; Ts'ebetso e matla ea phapanyetsano ea asiti, eo ka eona lehoakhoa le lefelloang ka ion ea sodium, 'me ha thatafalo e fihla, e na le kamano e phahameng ea calcium, magnesium le iron kahoo e tla ts'oara molek'hule eo ebe e lokolla molek'hule ea sodium ka metsing. Lintho tsena tse silafatsang, haeba li le teng, li tla baka mafome le mafome.

Keketso ea lik'hemik'hale

Nakong ena ts'ebetsong, ho na le ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale joalo ka:

•ts'enyeho inhibitors (mohlala, bicarbonates) ho fokotsa acidity le ho sireletsa likarolo tsa tšepe
•algaecides le biocide (mohlala, bromine) ho fokotsa kholo ea likokoana-hloko le biofilms
•scale inhibitors (mohlala, phosphoric acid) ho thibela litšila hore li se ke tsa theha likhakanyo

Kalafo e felletseng pele ho mothati ona e ka thusa ho fokotsa bongata ba lik'hemik'hale tse hlokahalang ho alafa metsi nakong ena ea ts'ebetso, e leng ho loketseng ha ho nahanoa hore kalafo tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale li ka ba theko e phahameng.

Ho hloekisa lehlakoreng le leng

Haeba metsi a tora e pholileng a tla ajoa bocha tsamaisong eohle, yuniti e khelosang lehlakoreng e tla thusa ho tlosa litšila tse nang le mathata tse keneng ka ts'ilafalo e tsoang, ho lutla, jj. Molao o motle oa monoana o motona ke hore, haeba sistimi e futhumatsang ea tora ea kalafo ea metsi e hloka ho hloekisa lehlakoreng le leng, hoo e ka bang 10% ea metsi a potolohang e tla sefa. Hangata e na le yuniti ea boleng bo botle ba multimedia.

Letsa-kalafo tlase

Karolo ea ho qetela ea kalafo e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho futhumatsa metsi a tora ke ho phatloha kapa ho tsoa mali ho tsoa tora.

Ho latela hore na semela se pholileng se hloka ho potoloha le metsi a makae bakeng sa phodiso e nepahetseng, limela li tla khetha ho khutlisetsa metsi le ho a khutlisa metsi ka mofuta o mong oa kalafo ea poso ka mokhoa oa reverse osmosis kapa phapanyetsano ea ion, haholo-holo libakeng tseo metsi a ka fokang. Sena se lumella litšila tse metsi le tse tiileng hore li kenngoe le ho tlosoa ha metsi a hloekisitsoeng a ka khutlisetsoa moahong le ho sebelisoa hape.

Haeba metsi a tsoang phutuhong a hloka ho tsoa, ​​ts'ebetso efe kapa efe eo sistimi e e etsang e tla hloka ho fihlela litlhoko tsohle tsa taolo. Libakeng tse ling moo metsi a haelloang, ho ka ba le litefiso tse kholo tsa khokahano ea likhoerekhoere, 'me litsamaiso tsa demineralization e ka ba tharollo e sa hlokeng litšenyehelo mona, kaha li ka thusa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho hokela melaong ea metsi le likhoerekhoere. Hape, ho qhaloa ha tora ea pholisa ho tsoa mali ho tlameha ho fihlela melaoana ea lehae ea masepala haeba metsi a mantle a khutlisetsoa tikolohong kapa mesebetsi ea kalafo eo e leng ea sechaba.

Litora tse pholileng tsa indasteri ke bareki ba bangata ba metsi. Ka khaello ea metsi likarolong tse ling tsa lefats'e, kalafo e sebetsang ea metsi e lumellang keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea metsi hape ke sesosa sa ho khanna se susumetsang litoropo tse pholileng neng le hona kae. Ntle le moo, litlhoko tse matla tsa ts'ebetso ea metsi, tsa mmuso le tsa masepala li tla susumetsa mekhoa e meng e mecha e amanang le kalafo ea metsi a tora.

Sistimi ea ho futhumatsa e koetsoeng e koalang phallo ea metsi ka holimo ho 90.0% ha e bapisoa le sistimi e teng ea ho futhumatsa liindastering tsa lik'hemik'hale le litsing tsa matla a futhumatsang. Kahoo lebisa tlhokomelong e ntseng e eketseha ea litsamaiso tsa potoloho e koetsoeng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho pholisa lefats'e ka bophara.